REVIVE A SUNNAH – “DON’T MAKE GATHERING IN THE ROAD”

The Prophet (sallAllaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) forbade gatherings in the road. They said, “Messenger of Allah, it is hard for us to sit in our houses.” He said,►”If you must sit there, then fulfil the rights of the gathering.” ►”Guiding anyone who asks for directions, returning the greeting, lowering the eye, commanding the correct & forbidding the bad.” [Bukhari; Adab Al-Mufrad, 544 #1149]

Etiquette’s (Adaab) of a student of knowledge

Bismillahir rahman ir raheem

The weightiest thing a person will have on the day of judgement is good manners.

Etiquette’s (Adaab) of a student of knowledge (Adaab)

• How to treat himself

• How to treat his Sheikh

Other topics include how to treat your books, dormitory. Ibnu Jama’ has a book written 700-800 years ago and it has a chapter about etiquette’s about how to keep your dormitory, how to treat your fellow student, how to cleanup bathroom after using it.

A student of knowledge has to become more conscious of his manners. It will open up the hearts of others.

Maqrad Al Hussien—(one of the famous scholars of hadith) — said to Imam Abdullah Ibn Mubarak (who was one of the famous scholars of the hadith of his time—also was of the level of the teachers of Buqhari—died year 198) “Verily we are more in need of a little bit of good manners then we are to a lot of knowledge”

Allah says to Musa: “And when you speak to Pharon, speak to him justly and softly, It is possible that he might be guided to Allah”

Firoun being the worst human being on the face of the earth, under the Djjal

Importance of Character is a topic of itself…

Point to emphasize here is that as a student of knowledge, it is more befitting for him to have increase in character.

Adaab with Himself:

1)Most important thing: Ikhlaas – Sincerity

• We should be doing this only for the sake of Allah.

• Without showing off, without arrogance, humbly.

• They have only been commanded to worship Allah sincerely, Some worship to showoff

• Be very careful that our niyyat is only for Allah.

• Prophet (saw) said “don’t seek knowledge to argue with the layman, whoever does that let him beware of the fire of hell.”

• Prophet (saw) said: “Whoever studies any knowledge which he seeks to earn things in this dunya, then let him beware of the fire of hell.” in another hadeeth, “this person will never smell the scent of jannah”

• Suffyan As saoudi – Died in year 160 – “I have never tried to cure anything that is more difficult to cure than my niy’yah (intention)”
  • He was The scholar of Hadith before Imam Bukhari

• Niyya continuously changes

2) Second aspect: To make sure we cleanse our hearts from every jealousy, envy, and evil feeling towards our fellow students.

• Don’t have anything in heart against your brother.
• Prophet (saw) : “In the body there is a piece of flesh, if it is good then the whole body is good, if it is bad, then the whole body is bad, and that piece of flesh is the heart”

3) Third – Our bodies should be pure from sin. We should implement the knowledge. Make sure we apply this knowledge.

• Imam ash Shafi’i – One of the four Imams of the schools of thought.
  • Full name : Muhamad ibn Idris ash Shafi’i, die in year 204
  • Wake’ ibn Jaba’ died 198or197 – Imam shafi’i complained to Wake’ ibn Jaba that he cannot memorize, so Wake’ advised me to leave sin, the deen of Allah is like a light, how can it be that the light of Allah be given to a sinful person.

• Leave doing sins and increase our Taqwa

4) Conceptualizing the importance of this knowledge – understand you are learning the deen of Allah.

• Being serious with this knowledge out of its greatness.

• Realize the benefits of this knowledge

5) Good studying habits – have some type of schedule of activities.

• Full-time student schedule:
  • Morning – memorize
  • After that go over new topics
  • After noon – revise
  • Evening – research

No matter what our life is like, we can make a schedule (barna’maj. – Construct a schedule to stick to. – make it efficient, practical and effective.

6) Choose proper companions

• Prophet (saw) said: ” The person is going to follow the religion of his friends, so be-careful who you choose as your friends”
• If hang around proper students of knowledge, they will help you increase your knowledge and character. or at-least will avoid evil topics and acts and going astray.
• Prophet (saw) described good friend as a carrier of perfume and the bad friend as a blacksmith.
  • Even if the good friend doesn’t give you perfume, you will still smell the goodness or even pickup the scent.
  • Even if the bad friend doesn’t burn you , you will still smell his stench and might pick it up.

7) He should try to study Islam at the earliest age possible for him

• Scholars say: “To memorize while your a child is like inscribing on a rock, and to memorize when your old is like writing with a stick on the water”
• Even if we are too old, at-least make sure our children aren’t deprived of this blessing.

8 ) Patience – Very important – If not patient, wont get anywhere.

• Scholars describe this knowledge: “If you give all of yourself (money self time) you will only attain a little part of it “
• The scholars of the past didn’t become scholars for studying a few weeks, months or years, they studied lifetime.
• This is only the beginning. We’ve only put our foot out the door.

9) Taking of notes –

• Prophet (saw) – “Trap knowledge, ” Sahaba asked how , Prophet (saw) said: “By writing it down”.
• Your own notes are more understandable to yourself than others notes
• This is a hadith, not just common sense. Alhumdulillah
• Story: Students would be taking notes in hadith classes, when they ran out of paper, they started writing on sleeves, when ran out of sleeves, they started writing on the top of their shoes, then walked home barefoot and wrote it down on paper. Look at this eagerness

ADAAB WITH HIS SHEIKH

1) To choose the proper Sheikh (teacher)

• Mohammad Ibn Sireen – died 110 – “This knowledge that your learning is the deen, so be-careful and be cautious who you take your deen from”
• side note: In the end its our responsibility on the day of judgement to answer for what we’ve done, even if someone tells us to do it, we will be held accountable.

2) Respect his Sheikh – treat him properly

• Prophet (saw) said “He is not one of us who does not love and show mercy to the young ones and show respect to the elders, and respect the rights of the scholars.” [Abu Dawood, Book 36. General Behavior. Hadith 4925]
• Love him , pray for him, and pray for his guidance.
• He taught you what you knew, even if you gain more knowledge than him, even if he just taught you how to read Quran, you still learned from him.
• Abdullah ibn Abbas – Took the stirrup of Zaid Ibn Thabit’s horse and lead his horse, Zaid Ibn Thabit was embarrassed that he is the prophets cousin, Ibn Abbas responded that this is how we have been commanded to treat our scholars.

3) Have proper adaab in appearance, conduct, relationship with him.

• Imam ash Shafi’ – died 204 – his most famous shiekh – Imam Malik – died 179
  • Imam Shafi’ said:”When I would sit in-front of Imam malik, i would make sure I’d turn pages real gently so not to disturb him with the sound”.

• Like you treat your elders, that’s how you will be treated.
• Ar Rabi’ – The most famous student of Imam Shafi’ – “Wallahi I never had the guts to drink water infront of Imam shafi’”
• Adaab
  • He should pay attention when Sheikh talks
  • Not talk to fellow peers while Sheikh is talking
  • Sit in proper manner
  • Relationship based on trust and respect

• Avoid excessive jokes and laughing
  • Prophet (saw) said to Abu Huraira – ” Beware of laughing much, because laughing much makes your heart hard”

4) He should pray for his teacher, and love him for the sake of Allah (swt)

• Shuhab ibn Hajjaj ? (could not hear name properly on audio)
  • ” When I would hear one hadeeth from a person, for the rest of my life I would try to help him out as much as I can”

5) Be patient concerning the faults of your Sheikh

• No matter how knowledgeable he is, he is still human being.
• You wont learn from him unless you have patience with him.

6) Sit properly in-front of your Sheikh

• When you show respect to knowledge externally , only then will you inwardly have respect.
• One sitting position which is obvious is not to sit with your legs outward.
• In Hadith Gibrail, shows us how to sit -First hadith of Sahih Muslim
  • When Angel Gabriel asked Prophet (saw) about Islam and Imaan, He (as) sat knee to knee, hands on thigh.
  • This is how a student should sit

7) Speak with him in a nice and proper manner

• Address him with proper names – “Ya Sheikh so and so”
• Speak at times which are right

These are just some points.

After Questions

• Imam Shafi’ studied under Sheikh Mohammad ibn Hassan al Shaibani, who was one of the direct students of Sheikh Abu Hanifa
• knowledge of this dunya is not the knowledge which is talked about in the Quran. – its only for worldly living. Its perfectly halal.
• How does a person deal with a mother and father who don’t want him to study Islam? Think he’ll become a fanatic.
  • Prophet (saw) said :”There is no obedience to any person when it comes to disobedience to Allah”
    • This is obligatory- you must come learn this knowledge
    • Should still be nice to them
    • Be wise while dealing with them.
    • If friends, you can pick and choose your friends, just drop the bad friendships.

Note to self: This is a test, “On no soul doth Allah Place a burden greater than it can bear. It gets every good that it earns, and it suffers every ill that it earns.

(Pray:)

“Our Lord! Condemn us not if we forget or fall into error; our Lord! Lay not on us a burden Like that which Thou didst lay on those before us; Our Lord! Lay not on us a burden greater than we have strength to bear. Blot out our sins, and grant us forgiveness. Have mercy on us. Thou art our Protector; Help us against those who stand against faith.” AL-QURAN 2:286

As salaatu wa salaam ala Rasulullah. Alhumdulillah.

REVIVE A SUNNAH – “WHOEVER HAS WRONGED HIS BROTHER, ASK FOR HIS PARDON (BEFORE HIS DEATH)”

Abu Huraira (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated that The Prophet [sallallahu alaihi wasallam] said ► “Whoever has wronged his brother, should ask for his pardon (before his death), as (in the Hereafter) there will be neither a Dinar nor a Dirham. (He should secure pardon in this life) before some of his good deeds are taken & paid to his brother, or, if he has done no good deeds, some of the bad deeds of his brother are taken to be loaded on him (in the Hereafter).” [Bukhari: V8 B76 #541]

REVIVE A SUNNAH – Pray for your suffering brothers & sisters

✦REVIVE A SUNNAH ⇨ Pray for your suffering brothers & sisters, Ask Allaah to protect them and save them, and to help them against their enemy by Praying (Du’aa) QUNOOT in Obligatory Prayers at the time of calamity✦

It is proven that the Prophet (sallAllahu ‘alyhi wasallam) said Qunoot at the time of calamity on a number of occasions:
1. ►It was narrated that Ibn ‘Abbaas (radi Allahu ‘anhu) said: The Messenger of Allaah (sallAllahu ‘alyhi wasallam) prayed Qunoot for a month in Zuhr, ‘Asr, Maghrib, ‘Isha’ and Fajr prayer, when he said: Sami’a Allaahu liman hamidah in the last rak’ah, praying against some tribes of Banu Sulaym, and against Ri’l, Dhakwaan and ‘Usayyah, and those who were behind him said Ameen. [Narrated by Abu Dawood (1443). Ibn al-Qayyim said: A saheeh hadeeth. Zaad al-Ma’aad, 1/280; classed as hasan by al-Albaani in Saheeh Abi Dawood]

2. ►Some of the Arab tribes betrayed 70 of the companions of the Prophet (blessings and peace of Allaah be upon him) and killed them. Anas ibn Maalik (may Allaah be pleased with him) said: News of that reached the Prophet (blessings and peace of Allaah be upon him), and he prayed Qunoot for a month, praying during Fajr prayer against some of the tribes of the Arabs, against Ri’l, Dhakwaan, ‘Usayyah and Bani Lahyaan. [Narrated by al-Bukhaari (3064)]

3. ►It was narrated that Anas ibn Maalik (may Allaah be pleased with him) said: Qunoot was offered in Maghrib and Fajr prayer. [Narrated by al-Bukhaari (798)]

******************************

A number of things may be learned from these hadeeths, including the following:

Firstly: it is prescribed to pray Qunoot at times of calamity. Ibn Taymiyah (may Allaah have mercy on him) said: Qunoot is Sunnah at the time of calamity. This view is that of the fuqaha’ among the muhadditheen. And it is narrated from the Rightly Guided Caliphs. End quote.

Majmoo’ al-Fataawa (23/108)

Secondly: The Prophet (blessings and peace of Allaah be upon him) said Qunoot at times of calamity in all of the five daily prayers, and he said Qunoot in Fajr and Maghrib prayer, and especially in Fajr. Ibn Taymiyah (may Allaah have mercy on him) said: Most of his Qunoot — referring to the Prophet (blessings and peace of Allaah be upon him) — was in Fajr. End quote.

Majmoo’ al-Fataawa (22/269).

Ibn al-Qayyim (may Allaah have mercy on him) said: The practice of the Prophet (blessings and peace of Allaah be upon him) was to say Qunoot especially at times of calamity, and not to do so at other times. He did not limit it only to Fajr, rather most of his Qunoot was in Fajr because it is prescribed to make that prayer lengthy. End quote. -Zaad al-Ma’aad (1/273)

The Muslim’s attitude towards Valentine’s Day

The Muslim’s attitude towards this holiday should be clear:

1- He should not celebrate it, or join others in their celebrations of it, or attend their celebrations because it is forbidden to celebrate the festivals of non-Muslims. 

Ath-Thahabi said: “If the Christians have a festival and the Jews have a festival, which is peculiar to them, then the Muslim should not join them in that, just as he does not join them in their religion or their direction of prayer.”

This is so because the basic principles of the pious predecessors [As-Salaf As-Saalih] was Al-Walaa’ wal-Baraa’ (loyalty and friendship vs. disavowal and enmity), therefore, it is obligatory for every Muslim to follow this principle. He should love the Muslims and should not follow the non-Muslims; rather, he must be different from them. By doing so, he achieves immeasurable benefits, just as imitating them causes greater harm.

In addition to this, when the Muslims imitate non-Muslims, this makes the latter happy and fills their hearts with joy. If any Muslim girl celebrates this holiday because she sees Margaret or Hilary or whoever does so, then this undoubtedly reflects the fact that she is imitating them and approves of their behavior. But Allaah Says (what means):“O you who have believed, do not take the Jews and the Christians as allies. They are [in fact] allies of one another. And whoever is an ally to them among you – then indeed, he is [one] of them. Indeed, Allaah guides not the wrongdoing people.”[Quran 5:51]

One of the bad effects of imitating them is that this increases their number, as this makes it look as if they have more supporters and followers. How can it be appropriate for a Muslim who recites in every Rak’ah (prayer unit) Allaah’s words (which mean): “Guide us to the Straight Way, The way of those on whom You have bestowed Your Grace, not (the way) of those who earned Your Anger, nor of those who went astray”[ Quran 1:6-7], to ask Allaah for guidance to the Straight Path of the believers and to keep him away from the path of those who have earned His anger and of those who went astray, and then deliberately follows their path and imitates them?Statistics indicate that Valentine’s Day is second only to Christmas in popularity. So it is clear that the Feast of Love is one of the festivals of non-Muslims and that it is second only to the festival of Christmas. So it is not permissible for Muslims to participate in such celebrations, because we are commanded to differ from them in their religion, customs and other things that exclusively belong to them, as is stated in the Quran, Sunnah (Prophet’s tradition) and scholarly consensus.

2- He should not help the non-Muslims in their celebrations because it is one of the rituals of disbelief. Helping them and approving of what they do is helping them to manifest disbelief and make it prevail, and approving of it. The Islamic religion does not allow a Muslim to approve of disbelief or help others to manifest it and make it prevail.

Hence, Ibn Taymiyyah said: “It is not permissible for the Muslims to imitate them in anything that is specifically part of their festivals, whether it is food, clothing, bathing, lighting fires, or changing a custom of daily life or worship.”

3- He should not help any Muslims who celebrate it. Rather, it is obligatory to denounce them, because for the Muslims to celebrate the festivals of non-Muslims is an evil action which must be condemned. Ibn Taymiyah said: “Just as we should not imitate them in their festivals, we should not help a Muslim to do that as well; rather, he should be told not to do that.”

Based on this, it is not permissible for Muslim businessmen to deal in gifts for Valentine’s Day, whether they are particular kinds of clothes, red roses, or whatever. Similarly, it is not permissible for the one who is given a gift on this occasion to accept it, because by accepting it, he is showing approval of this holiday.

One Daa’iyah (caller to Islam) said: we went to a flower shop in one of the Muslim countries and we were shocked to find it completely prepared for this occasion, with red carpets at the entrance, red placards and red decorations. We were met by one of the people who worked there, and we asked him why they had done so much to decorate the place for this occasion.

He said that these preparations had begun early, and that there had been so many orders… Then he told us that he had been amazed by that, because he was a new Muslim who had left Christianity. He had known about that before he became Muslim, so how come his customers were Muslims and not Christians?

Other shops ran out of red roses, which were being sold at high prices. When one of the female Du’aat entered upon the female students who were gathered in the lecture hall, she was dismayed to find them all carrying something red. One had a red rose, another had a red scarf, or a red handkerchief, or a red bag, or red socks…

Among the things that have been seen among the Muslims on this holiday:

a- All the female students agreeing with their friends to tie a red ribbon on the right wrist.

b- Wearing something red (a blouse, hair clip, shoes…). This reached such an extent last year that when we entered the classroom we found most of the students wearing it, as if it was a uniform.

c- Red balloons on which are written the words “I love you”. They usually bring these out at the end of the school day, in an area far from where the teachers can see them.

d- Writing names and hearts on their hands, or just initials.

e- Red roses are widespread on this day.

Groups of girls entered their lecture rooms on February 14, each of them wearing something red, with red heart-shaped stickers on their faces, wearing red make-up. They started to exchange red-colored gifts and kiss one another warmly. This happened in more than one university in the Muslim world, even in an Islamic university. In other words, they were celebrating Saint Valentine’s Day.

On that day, secondary schools (high schools) were astonished by the large numbers of female students who brought red roses of the finest quality, colored their faces with red cosmetics, wore red earrings, and started to exchange gifts and warm greetings, in celebration of this day.

Valentine’s Day has come to a number of Arab and Muslim countries, and has even reached the heartland of Islam (the Arabian Peninsula). It has reached societies which we had thought far removed from this insanity. In Riyadh, the price of roses has risen incredibly, to an extent that a single rose costs 36 riyals (10 dollars), whereas before this day it cost 5 riyals. Gift shops and card shops compete in designing cards and gifts for this occasion, and some families hang up red roses in the windows of their homes on this day.

In some of the Muslim countries, shopping centers and hotels have organized special celebrations for Valentine’s Day. Most of the stores and business places are covered in red. One of the finest Gulf hotels was full of balloons and dolls. Following the customs of the Feast of Love and the pagan myths, one restaurant owner put on a dramatic production with “Cupid”, the idol of love in the Roman myths, nearly naked and carrying a bow and arrow. He and his cohorts were looking to select “Mr. & Mrs. Valentine” from among the people present.

Less expensive restaurants also celebrated this day in their own way. Some stores replaced their regular plates with heart-shaped plates, used red tablecloths and linens, and put a red rose on each table for the man to present to his beloved.

We must oppose these things by all possible means. The responsibility rests with us all.

4- We should not accept congratulations on Valentine’s Day, because it is not a holiday or an ‘Eed for the Muslims. If the Muslim is congratulated on this occasion, he should not return the congratulation. Ibn Al-Qayyim said: “With regard to congratulating others with the congratulations used by the non-Muslims on such occasions, it is prohibited by scholarly consensus, such as congratulating them on the occasion of their festivals or fasts, wishing them a blessed festival, etc.

Finally, we must explain the true nature of this holiday and other festivals of the non-Muslims to those Muslims who have been deceived by them, and explain to them that it is essential for the Muslim to be distinguished by his religion and to protect his ‘Aqeedah (belief) from anything that may damage it. This should be done towards the Ummah (Muslim nation) for the sake of Allaah and in fulfillment of the command of enjoining good and forbidding evil.

REVIVE A SUNNAH – “GIVE CHARITY WITHOUT WASTING”

The Prophet (sallallahu ‘alayhi wa salam) said,►”If a woman gives in charity from her house meals without wasting (i.e. being extravagant), she will get the reward for her giving, her husband will also get the reward for his earning & the storekeeper will also get a similar reward. The acquisition of the reward of none of them will reduce the reward of the others.” [Bukhari: Book3 Vol34 #279]

REVIVE A SUNNAH – “GIVE YOUR CHILD A GOOD (MEANINGFUL) MUSLIM NAME”

It’s always a joy when Allâh blesses you with a child. Children bring great happiness, but also trials and responsibilities. One of the very first duties you have toward your new child, besides physical care and love, is to give your child a meaningful Muslim name.

•► It’s narrated from Abu Darda’ (may Allâh be pleased with him) that The Prophet (peace and blessing of Allâh be upon him) said:► “On the Day of Resurrection you will be called by your names and by your father’s names, so give yourselves good names.” [Abu Dawud: Book 41, Hadith 4930]

When choosing a name for a boy, Muslims have several choices. It is recommended to name a boy in a way that indicates service to God, by using ‘Abd in front of one of God’s Names. Other possibilities include the names of Prophets (peace and blessing of Allâh be upon them), names of the Companions of the Prophet Muhammad (may Allâh be pleased with them), or other male names which have a good meaning. There are also some categories of names which are prohibited to use for Muslim children.

•► It’s narrated from Abu Wahb al-Jushami (may Allâh be pleased with him) that The Prophet (peace and blessing of Allâh be upon him) said:►”Call yourselves by the names of the Prophets. The names dearest to Allah are Abdullah and AbdurRahman, the truest are Harith and Hammam, and the worst are Harb and Murrah.” [Abu Dawud: Book 41, Hadith 4932]

Note:
* Abdullah means Servant of Allah
* AbdurRahman means Servant of the Beneficent
* Harith means Ploughman, cultivator
* Hammam means A great man, a chief, a hero
* Harb means War
* Murrah means Bitter

Walking on the Path to Repentance

It is part of human nature to be heedless, make mistakes and have shortcomings, but it is from the mercy of Allaah The Almighty that He opened the gate of repentance and commanded us to turn towards Him whenever sins overwhelm us. If it were not for this road to repentance, humanity would have been unable to gain closeness to Allaah The Almighty and would have lost hope in repentance and forgiveness.

The path of repentance is the way towards salvation and success; it is open for each one of us. Allaah The Almighty called upon all His slaves, both believers and disbelievers to repent, and He informed that He forgives all sins for those who repent regardless of the extent and greatness of these sins, Allaah The Almighty Says (what means): {“Say: “O My slaves who have transgressed against themselves (by committing evil deeds and sins)! Despair not of the Mercy of Allaah, verily, Allaah forgives all sins. Truly, He is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.”}[Quran, 39: 53].

No one knows when he will die or how much time he has left in this worldly life; it is sad to see some people delaying repentance saying: “We still have plenty of time left. Let us enjoy our life while we are young and when we become old we will repent.” Such thoughts are from the whispers of Satan and following the desires of this vanishing life. Satan promises man while he has no power to grant man anything. Therefore, you should hasten towards repentance, and beware of heedlessness, delaying, and feeling that you still have a long life to live.

Hasten to repentance and beware of delaying repentance, because delaying, itself, is a sin that needs repentance. Immediate repentance from sins is mandatory, so repent before death; repent before the time will come and regret will not benefit you. You do not know when your life will end. Repent before the darkness overwhelms your heart and sins become a habit. Repent before you become sick and then die without getting the chance to repent.

Some people commit sins flagrantly and disobey Allaah The Almighty, and when you try to talk to them about repentance they say, “There are many people who openly disobey Allaah The Almighty day and night and their sins are so numerous that they may be uncountable, yet they are very rich and healthy, thriving with the favors of Allaah The Almighty upon them.” Those who say such things forget that Allaah The Almighty grants these worldly gains to the people Whom He loves and Whom He does not love. This could be a way of gradually punishing them. Although the punishment of Allaah The Almighty might be delayed for them, but when He does punish them it is severe. The Prophet, sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ), said: “If you see that Allaah Has bestowed favours upon someone although he is sinning, then know that it is a way of gradually punishing him.“Then he, sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) recited the verse in which Allaah The Almighty Says (what means): {“So, when they forgot (the warning) with which they had been reminded, We opened for them the gates of every (pleasant) thing, until in the midst of their enjoyment in that which they were given, all of a sudden, We took them (in punishment), and lo! They were plunged into destruction with deep regrets and sorrows. So the root of the people who did wrong was cut off. And all the praises and thanks are to Allaah, the Lord of the `Aalameen (mankind, jinn, and all that exists).”}[Quran, 6: 44-45]” [Ahmad].

All you have to do is approach the path to repentance and set out upon it, and you will find the response as Allaah The Almighty Says (what means): {“And verily, I am indeed forgiving to him who repents, believes (in My Oneness, and associates none in worship with Me) and does righteous good deeds, and then remains constant in doing them (till his death)”}[Quran, 20: 82].